New rocket engine designs can improve spaceflight.

“Rotating Detonation Rocket Engine (test photo and illustration)(Interesting engineering)

The rotating detonation rocket engine (RDE) could be the new thruster for space missions. These engines use a rotating combustion event to generate more thrust. That is why the RDE engines are under development. Those engines could serve regular space rockets. And maybe trans-atmospheric planes (TAV). Those are so-called rocket planes. The TAV vehicle can operate from regular runways. Travel in the atmosphere using regular jet engines. 

And when they must operate outside the atmosphere, those planes switch to rocket engines. These tools are required for next-generation orbital operations. The original TAV system concept uses air-breathing engines to reach trans-atmospheric orbit (TAO). There. The improved version can activate its rocket engines. 

Another remarkable tool. They are the so-called Hall-effect engines. Those engines use ion flow to give thrust. The problem with those engines is their weak thrust. But their specific impulse is very high. Hall-effect engines use recoil from ions. To move the craft forward. And the big problem is the thrust. Hall-effect thrusters require. A regular rocket. To lift off from the atmosphere. 

“Hydrosat (left) Starlight thruster fire testing (right)” (Interesting engineering)

“Hall thruster. Hall thrusters are largely axially symmetric. This is a cross-section containing that axis.” (Wikipedia, Hall-effect thruster)

“Nuclear-powered spacecraft (render)” (Interesting engineering) 

The new Hall-effect thruster, named Starlight, uses solid zinc as propellant. Those systems could also use mercury, iron, or any other ionized material as propellants. 

Maybe. It's possible. To create electromagnetic-chemical rocket engines. That also creates strong thrust. There is a possibility. To expand propellant in the combustion chamber using a laser or microwave system. The propellant will be conducted into the combustion or expansion chamber. And then lasers or microwaves expand that propellant, which can be hydrogen. 

There is also the possibility of creating an ion system. That ionizes air at the front of the wing. And then magnetic rails pull those ions from above the wing. This kind of system. It can decrease the aircraft's weight. The aircraft doesn’t need to move if it levitates. The system. It must just make gas. To flow over the top of the wing. That air, or ion flow, can also decrease the ground pressure. And if that flow is strong enough. That system can pull the aircraft into the air.  Ion systems can also act as plasma stealth. That makes aircraft invisible to radar. 

An ion cannon that launches an ion beam in the atmosphere can create an extremely strong flash. That gives those systems a stun effect. 

The interplanetary spacecraft requires nuclear reactors. Those systems create electric arcs for thrusters. That vaporizes propellant. The new Hall-effect thruster used solid zinc as propellant. That kind of thruster can open a path to the entire solar system. But the fact is that. The Hall-effect thrusters are easy to transform into space weapons. The system can shoot anions in the middle of the ion beams. Or the electron beam. The electron beam. That travels in the ion beam. Can keep those beams in their form. Those high-energy systems require nuclear reactors. 

https://interestingengineering.com/energy/nuclear-reactor-space-161m-award

https://interestingengineering.com/energy/nuclear-reactor-space-161m-award

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/zinc-hall-effect-thruster-fires-in-space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall-effect_thruster

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatmospheric_orbit

Space weapons are coming.

U.S. confirmed it has weapons in space. This is the next step in the arms race. Satellites play a big role in the modern military. That's why the military wants to affect them. GPS, communication, and reconnaissance satellites are high-value targets. And. Without those systems. intelligent warfare is impossible. The next point is that satellites disturb fire-control radars. ECM satellites are used in Iran. Those systems can disrupt drone swarms. And other data communications. 

This is why every nation with space capacity develops ASAT systems. A system that threatens ECM and radar satellites can be a large version of anti-radiation missiles. 

The anti-satellite weapons might not destroy targeted satellites. They can try to jam their signals. Or slam their systems down with an EMP pulse. In those cases, the weapon can use capacitor-based systems. That sends high-power microwaves or radio waves to targeted satellites. 

"A Davy Crockett micro nuke at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 1961" (Wikipedia, Davy Crockett (nuclear device)

“A notional rendering of China's reusable Shenlong space plane. (Image credit: Erik Simonsen/Getty Images)” (Space.com)

The killer satellites' mission is to destroy other satellites. Or, they can be used to create high-power EMP signals using nuclear warheads. Requires a new type of reaction. The nuclear-based EMP is one of the most powerful weapons. There is a possibility that the satellite can drop nuclear weapons on targets. So-called. FOBS (Fractional Orbital Bombardment Systems). They can be miniature space shuttles. Those shuttles can hang in orbit and wait for orders to attack. In that case, those systems can be stealth shuttles that make kamikaze attacks against ground targets. There is suspicion that. The Chinese Shenlong miniature space shuttle can be a prototype for this kind of weapon. 

If. An orbiting satellite carries a nuclear weapon. It requires very fast reactions. The same way. If. The hunter-killer satellite starts to follow a friendly satellite. That requires fast counteractions. The problem with killer satellites is simple. Any satellite can act as this type of weapon. Especially microsatellites can be tools. They can destroy other satellites with kinetic energy. The miniature satellite can collide with other satellites. 

Or they can involve high-power EMP systems. One version of those tools is a micro nuke that detonates in an air tank. A 20-ton nuclear detonator can form a so-called controlled EMP pulse. Or they can involve high-power capacitors. That pushes lots of energy. To microwave- or radio-wave-based systems. Those satellites can wait in orbit. 

Things like miniature shuttles that can wait in orbit to attack require counter-actions. Those shuttles can carry internal nuclear warheads. This makes them so-called super drones. Satellites can also drop drone swarms into operational areas. Those systems are dangerous to troops and civilians. This means that drone swarms that satellites can deliver can hunt individual people on the streets. That makes those tools excellent assassination tools. And those systems require fast reactions. 

https://www.space.com/china-space-plane-depoyed-mystery-objects

https://www.twz.com/space/new-details-on-how-space-force-has-waged-electronic-warfare-against-iran

https://www.twz.com/space/u-s-admits-it-has-weapons-in-orbit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Crockett_(nuclear_device)

German startup launched a rocket from Norway.

German startup Isar Aerospace made history. It launched the Spectrum rocket into orbit from Norway. The launch was made from the Andøya spaceport. And it's the first orbital launch from the European continent. This is a remarkable step. 

The Spectrum rocket is Isar Aerospace’s two-stage launch vehicle, 28 m tall and 2 m in diameter, and has ten engines. It is meant to launch payloads of up to 1000 kg to low Earth orbit. The Spectrum rocket carried five CubeSats and one scientific experiment. That kind of system is ideal for high-atmosphere research. And. Launching low-orbiting reconnaissance satellites.  If Europe wants space independence. It also needs ASAT systems. That can protect and affect hostile satellites. 

These kinds of systems. They are quite similar to Russian/Ukrainian Tsyklon rockets. But Tsyklon is heavier. It can transport 4000 kg to low Earth orbit. The Spectrum type of rocket increases European space independence. Those light/medium systems can launch European reconnaissance satellites. The biggest problem is that Europe needs space independence. European northern areas are excellent places. To launch satellites into polar trajectories. This is why Elon Musk wants Greenland.  Another possibility is to launch rockets from ships. 

Light. Or medium boosters can be transported to the launch area by ships. And then the launch can be made from a ship.  During this process, the crew can wait on another ship. Until. The rocket leaves. The launch procedure can be performed. Using AI-controlled computers under remote control. 

The reason for that is safety. There is always a small possibility that the rocket explodes. Another thing is the noise. Rockets are noisier than aircraft. So the launching units must wait at a safe distance. Or the launching crew must stay in rooms with special sound isolation. The vacuum layer between outside and safe rooms can make launching safer. 

The Spectrum rocket. Before launch. 

One reason nations are interested in Northern areas is that it is easiest to send satellites into polar trajectories. High-resolution reconnaissance satellites use this trajectory. When a satellite reaches the polar cap, it changes its course. Then it can get the best possible coverage of Earth for its sensors. This is one of the reasons. That makes northern areas interesting. 

Another place with the same benefits for satellite launching is Antarctica. The problem is that Antarctica is very far away from Europe. And North America. Many spaceports are near the equator. There. Earth's rotation pushes rockets forward.  This is why almost all rockets travel in the same direction as the Earth’s rotation. Israel is an exception. It launches rockets in a different direction. There, they don't fly over Arab nations. The equatorial orbit is ideal for communication satellites. But reconnaissance satellites use polar trajectories to cover larger land areas. Military launches highly classified satellites. 

It sets its own limits for the trajectories.  Satellites travel over the sea as much as possible during the booster stage. If the booster fails, the satellite drops into the sea. And hostile countries will not get its components into their hands. A launch from Norway is a pathfinder for a new, more independent Europe. Media all around the world noticed that launch. Reuters. And Al Jazeera and many other news agencies gave it media space. 

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/9/6/german-company-launches-rocket-as-europe-enters-satellite-race

https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Boost/Isar_Aerospace_achieves_first_launch_to_orbit_from_continental_Europe

https://isaraerospace.com/launch

https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/german-space-rocket-lifts-off-norway-base-2026-09-05/

https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/isar-aerospace-second-launch-norway-andoya-spaceport-spectrum-rocket

https://spacenews.com/isar-aerospace-reaches-orbit-on-second-spectrum-launch/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_(rocket)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon

New high-flying helicopters can operate as atmospheric satellites.

“In this illustration, NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter stands on the Red Planet’s surface as NASA’s Perseverance rover (partially visible on the left) rolls away. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech” (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Survives First Frigid Martian Night on Its Own) 

Mars helicopters like Ingenuity operate in a very thin atmosphere. They operate at a pressure that matches the altitude of 30 to 35 kilometers above sea level on Earth. That means similar technology developed for Mars helicopters can be used for extremely high-flying helicopters. AI-controlled rotor speed makes it possible. 

Those helicopters can operate in Earth's atmosphere. The AI adjusts the rotor’s rotation speed to the gas pressure. That system can be used for atmospheric satellites. 

For example, those atmospheric satellites are high-flying communication relay systems. Or they can operate as COMINT/SIGINT missions. They can have radars in their blades. That makes it possible for them to operate as surveillance platforms. The small helicopter can drop laser-guided grenades. 

From the upper atmosphere. This makes it possible to create highly accurate systems. That can be dangerous for things like airplanes and small vehicles.

Miniature satellite. 

So they. Can observe drones’ communications with their operators. The miniature helicopter is smaller than airships and balloons. 

An automatic system can also be used. To collect samples. And many other things. The small-sized helicopter can carry a miniature satellite to high altitude. That means the miniature satellite operates in the atmosphere. At an altitude of 30-35 km. 

The big question is: What would somebody do with stratospheric helicopters? They can fly at altitudes that are higher than almost any airplane can operate. 

When we think about helicopters and technology developed for them. Technology. Developed for rotors and systems can also be used in other systems. Those systems can be used. 

For full-scale stealth and rescue helicopters. They can run new types of operations. Those helicopters can search for people in high mountains. Or fly over high mountains like the Himalayas. 

The helicopter backpack that can carry one man to the roof of a building might look complicated. Gas pressure limits. The parachute jumping altitude. If. The jumper uses a pressure suit. That means the suit must be put somewhere. The small helicopter or drone can solve this problem. 

But a high-altitude helicopter jumper. To use pressure suits. When. That helicopter carries the jumper to the right position. That person can strip off the pressure suit and pack it into the helicopter. That flies away. 

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-breaks-the-sound-barrier-with-new-mars-helicopter-rotors/

https://scitechdaily.com/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-survives-first-frigid-martian-night-on-its-own/

Space militarization is becoming more complicated.

A Polish company was hired to deploy data-center satellites with high-power microwave weapons. Those satellites can destroy incoming anti-satellite weapons. But satellites can also use the same microwave weapons to destroy other satellites. Satellites play a vital role in modern military operations. This means. They are top-priority targets for enemy operations. Satellites search for targets. For aircraft and drones. They navigate aircraft, ships, and weapons to targets. 

Satellites operate at all levels. In military operations. Strategies and tactics. They base data on what satellites collect. Modern satellite technology. It allows command and control of individual soldiers from another side of the world. 

Combined combat tactics. The principle is precise knowledge of the location of one's own troops and the enemy. Next-generation tools like combat robots require more advanced data connections. Those satellites are becoming vital elements in combat scenarios. 

Artillery, gunship helicopters, and aircraft.  They require location knowledge to operate precisely and accurately. This means that those systems require satellites. Satellites connect forces under one centralized command. Without those satellites, the HQ cannot command and deliver supplies. Nuclear submarines also need satellites to provide operational launch codes to their missiles and other nukes. Submarines cannot launch without those codes. And that’s why those communication satellites are targets for killer satellites. 

Pentagon says that ASAT weapons are the priority on the list. And we can guess that Russia thinks the same. Russia has tested its own anti-satellite capacity. And that thing requires a counter-reaction. 

The role of satellites is becoming bigger all the time. New hypersonic missiles require ultra-fast reaction. If. A suspected hypersonic missile launch. There is no time to send AWACS to search for the enemy and control defenses.

Another problem is that AWACS is a potential target for high-speed anti-radiation missiles. The third thing is that. There are not enough AWACS platforms to cover the entire world. This is why the Pentagon wants to create a satellite network. That covers the entire planet. This network of radar satellites. It can detect threats in less than one second. But those satellites. They are vulnerable to ASAT missiles that can detect radar signals. 

Satellites can drop drone swarms into operational areas. They can rise targets and mark them. This is the satellites' priority in operations: reconnaissance. Reconnaissance satellites. Make real-time command-and-control battles possible. They play a vital role in all kinds of transportation and affect operations. Reconnaissance and attack patrols, as well as drone swarms, use satellites for navigation. Maybe quite soon. Satellites can launch conventional air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles. Those missiles can hit things like strategic bombers. Even. Individual vehicles. 

Weapons make them killer satellites. This means that there are killer and counter-killer satellites. The problem with killer satellites is that they are good targets for other killer satellites. But the problem is how to uncover those satellites. But. If a killer satellite loses its shield. The other satellites can destroy it. The orbital nukes can cause massive destruction with an EMP impulse. 

In many scenarios. Thermonuclear war begins with an EMP strike. The EMP weapon is hidden in the regular-looking satellite. When. That satellite is in the right position. The EMP weapon detonates. And that electromagnetic pulse hits the ground. The disaster can be huge. When we think about cases like the Starfish Prime nuclear test over Honolulu on June 9, 1962, the entire city went down. Modern technology is more vulnerable to EMP than older technology. 

The EMP pulse from 1,4 megaton warhead. Detonated at an altitude of about 400 kilometers. Destroyed things. Like 1960s radios. This kind of weapon can be launched just before the nuclear strike. And those systems. They require a very fast reaction. The microwave pulses are also EMP weapons. The system can create the EMP microwave using high-power capacitors. The system can use solar panels to create that destructive pulse. The system is very easy to make. And the fact is that. Any satellite that carries this kind of counter-ASAT system can use it against other satellites. 

https://www.space.com/space-exploration/satellites/satellite-defense-ares-shield-contract-lonestar-data-holdings

https://www.twz.com/space/new-anti-satellite-weapons-now-officially-a-top-u-s-priority

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish_Prime

Russia's new cruise missiles use a TEMU engine.

Russia's new S8000 Banderol missile. It’s like a hobbyist package turned into a military role. That new, cheap cruise missile is being developed. To be used against soft targets like radars. Those missiles can cause problems. Because if they are used with other, more advanced missiles. They can be dangerous. Ukraine dropped one of them with a very old AA gun. That doesn’t mean that those missiles are harmless. They are cheap and probably easy to manufacture. Those hobby-kit missiles can also be transported to positions. There, they can make surprise attacks. Missiles that can be manufactured or assembled in the operational area are a big risk.  Those systems can be smuggled into the country—the origin of the parts. of that missile. It's also a depressing thing to read. That shows the real effect of the sanctions against Russia.

Their operators can. Put those parts into their position. And use those missiles even from their balcony. This is a new threat. Things. Like artificial intelligence and cheap image recognition tools make those systems deadlier than ever before. The hobby-kit missiles are tools. That took their position in the war. Low-cost missiles and drones are tools. That can cause problems for every system. They can attack large carriers’ radars and communication systems. In the same way, small cruise missiles can be deadly against aircraft. 

S8000 has another drone as its primary launch platform. And that missile. It can also be integrated with the Mi-28 Havoc. The standard kit uses inertial and satellite guidance systems. But there are dreams of using AI and optical target recognition systems to boost its accuracy. The suspected system uses the WEB camera. And an AI-based target recognition sensor. This makes. The system can find its targets with high accuracy. The system works like this. Inertial and satellite navigation guide the missile to the line of the target. When its camera sees the target. 

And recognizes it. That missile dives toward it. Those missiles can use things like an anti-radar kit. That system turns them into anti-radiation missiles. Those missiles can be used against radars, jammers, and communication tools. There is a possibility that, if those systems have the right codes. They can search for and locate individual GSM telephones on the streets. AI makes those systems dangerous. They can make evasion maneuvers. And they are easy to buy. So, in the wrong hands, those hobby-kit missiles can cause terrible damage. 

https://aeronaut.media/articles-en/en-russian-s8000-banderol-all-about/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S8000_Banderol

New winds for interstellar probes.

“Light sails can propel spacecraft using the energy of the Sun. Credit: NASA/Aero Animation/Ben Schweighart” (ScitechDaily, Humanity May Soon Have the Technology To Reach Other Star Systems)

A large Mylar structure with a metal shell. It can. Make it possible. To create a large radar satellite. That satellite can look like a spinning version of the Solar sail. The system uses Doppler radar. For making highly accurate radar images. The same technology is used in photonic solar sails. It can be used to create orbital mirrors. That turn laser beams in the right direction. 

These kinds of mirrors can be used for systems that turn high-energy laser beams. Into systems. That can destroy satellites and high-flying aircraft. Megawatt-class laser beams can be created by using multiple smaller lasers. Those lasers can be ground-based. Or. Orbital lasers. Large-sized Mylar structures. They can help to keep the thermal level lower. But then, to interplanetary and interstellar solar sails. 

Solar sails are always similar systems. The interplanetary solar sail uses solar wind to push it forward. The interstellar version uses photons. The interplanetary solar sail can also carry massive radar in its structure. That radar can be used to research the internal structures of the planets. 

There is a possibility. To use those solar sails for interstellar travel. The problem is the weak thrust of photons. In an ideal mission, a solar sail uses the plasma flow to travel out of the solar system. And then a massive laser starts to push it into interstellar space. 

Maybe humans will get the technology to travel to other solar systems sooner than we thought. The first probe that we will send to other solar systems. It could be the photonic solar sail. The photonic solar sail can ride on a photonic beam. 

First, that solar sail could use the solar wind. Plasma that the Sun sends into space for acceleration. When the distance to the Sun increases, the system. It can transform to use a photonic drive. The thrust that photons give is so low. The solar sail must use some other systems. To accelerate to a speed high enough for the sail. It can travel out of the solar system. 

“An artist's conception of the Project Orion. "Basic” spacecraft, powered by nuclear pulse propulsion.” (Wikipedia, Nuclear pulse propulsion)

One promising first-stage acceleration system is called Nuclear pulse propulsion. 

In the 1960s, the U.S. Air Force proposed Project Orion. The idea was to use a series of low-yield nuclear explosions. To send a rocket to other planets. Those nuclear bombs were planned to detonate behind the spacecraft. That thrust could carry the Orion spacecraft to Mars and farther. Then some researchers. 

They had an idea. To create a combination of Orion and a solar sail. The system uses nuclear bombs to accelerate the solar sail. The system can use other rockets to transport those bombs into the right positions. When. The solar sail travels past those nukes. The system detonates the explosives. 

The system is called the Medusa drive. Medusa system. It can be used to transport the laser that the interstellar solar sail needs to the edge of the solar system. There, the laser starts to accelerate. This interstellar. Solar sail. In every case, that solar sail. 

The system uses hybrid technology. First, it uses the solar wind. Then it can use nuclear detonations. And finally, the laser beam pushes it forward. The small nuclear detonations can also push the solar sail. Into the journey. To the Alpha Centauri system. Another way is to use electron-positron annihilation. This annihilation can create the particle flow that pushes the solar sail forward. 

https://scitechdaily.com/humanity-may-soon-have-the-technology-to-reach-other-star-systems/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_pulse_propulsion

https://www.reddit.com/r/Boooks1234/s/1z6sflXoLU

Could Northrop Grumman MRV (Mission Robotic Vehicle) act as a killer satellite?

Above: The MRV (Mission Robotic Vehicle)

The MRV (Mission Robotic Vehicle) is a satellite with two robot hands. Its mission is to assist and repair satellites in orbit. And the big question is: could those arms be used as weapons against other satellites? The answer is yes. Any satellite itself is a weapon. Satellites can be driven to impact other satellites. 

Or they can have some killer vehicles. The reason for those killer satellites will be the tool. That makes it possible to destroy the vital elements of warfare. Satellites play a bigger and more important role. In modern warfare. Those systems, like GPS. They are playing a vital role in targeting and weapons control. Those navigation satellites. 

They play a vital role when drones fly to their targets. And aircraft and satellite-guided bombs. They need satellite navigation. 

Satellites provide an ultra-fast communication line between headquarters and field operatives. They provide vital intelligence data. And. That makes them an important target for the military. FOBS (Fractional Orbital Bombardment System) means satellites that carry nuclear weapons. Those orbital launch platforms. They can minimize the reaction time. Of the defense. Those satellites. They can launch nuclear bombs. Or they can dive to the target. And detonate their weapon. 

In original models. The FOBS uses low-earth orbit. But it's possible to launch those weapons. Into. High orbit. The high-orbit FOBS can be launched. Using high-power boosters like “Proton” rockets. Those weapons can lurk in orbit for even years.

 

Those nukes can wait years in orbit. But this kind of system. It requires a system. That returns it to Earth. It is not used. So the FOBS. It could be a miniature shuttle. That carries an internal nuclear weapon. These systems can be like space-era kamikaze drones. 

The FOBS-EMP system. It will not necessarily give any warning. About. The EMP strike. The EMP weapon travels over the targeted area. And then the nuclear weapon inside that system. It is detonated. That system blinds large areas.  That satellite must not release its shell for detonation. Like it does in the 007 movie “Goldeneye”. The satellite. It can have the golden layer. That maximizes gamma-ray production. And that boosts the EMP.

When antimatter particles hit the atmosphere. Forming a gamma ray. And that gamma ray forms the EMP pulse. The. Nuclear weapon. with a golden layer. It can also detonate in the air tank. There, those air molecules. They can create the EMP immediately. This kind of EMP satellite.  Can destroy most of the satellites. And. Other electronics on the ground. This means that killer satellites have one mission. It is to take out orbital nukes. That orbital nuke. It can play. 

Abandoned satellite. The satellite can act as a normal satellite. Then it can jump to a very high trajectory. Then it can begin its FOBS module. This sleeping satellite. It can wait for the wake-up signal. There. At high altitude. That satellite. It can detonate without warning. Or it can dive into the atmosphere and detonate itself. 

When we think about satellites with robotic arms. Those satellites can push other satellites off their trajectory. This new MRV satellite. It can also act as an intelligence satellite.  Its targets are other satellites. MRV satellite. It can use its abilities to make contact. And research other satellites. That are abandoned. Or in some other ways interesting. The satellite. That can fix another satellite's trajectory. It can also push that other satellite into the wrong trajectory. The system ti can also slow the speed of another satellite. Pulling it into the opposite direction. That causes a situation. 

That targeted satellite. It starts to fall to the ground. The Russians are also interested in this kind of two-armed satellite. Or satellites with manipulators. Those satellites can make attacks and disturb other satellites. They can affect other satellites' trajectories. That is vital for navigation satellites. Unlike. The use of killer vehicles like lasers and tungsten arrows. Those mechanical pushes. They can be kept secret. If killer satellites attack another satellite. Such incidents can give warning. About. The bad plans. 

https://www.twz.com/space/could-this-new-northrop-spacecraft-use-its-robotic-arms-to-attack-enemy-satellites

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)

New alloys and graphene. They can revolutionize thermal control.

The Sierra Space Corporation’s Dream Chaser. And Boeing’s X-37B are the pathfinders for next-generation space technology. They are also the response to Chinese Shenlong and larger Haolong space planes. 

The new materials can transform aviation forever. New graphene and metal alloys make it possible. For. Create structures that withstand mechanical stress and heat at new levels. The 3D-printed graphene filament is delivered over the surface. 

It can give 50% higher impact strength. 3D printer technology. It makes it easier to cover large areas by using graphene filament. 

For that structure. Those filaments can boost the development of new armours. And they can be used in all vehicles, from drones to satellites. The graphene filament can turn things like bullets highly penetrating. Those new materials can make hybrid structures. The graphene filament. That is on the alloy. It can be used in high-temperature technology. That technology opens a new path for nuclear systems and high-temperature structures. 

There are space planes like X-37B. But the problem with those systems is this. They are quite small. They use regular rockets for lift-off. And that means they are noisy. But the larger-sized space planes that the high-flying stratospheric drone takes to high altitude. They can solve those problems.  Stratospheric drone. It can use a regular turbojet. With. An internal oxygenizer. Those drones can carry the space plane to the edge of space. There it can be launched. But the larger systems. They have more capacity. The X-37B is a robot spacecraft. Because. Of its small size. The future Dream Chaser has two variants. Unmanned cargo. And a manned version. That spaceplane will be launched in late 2026. 

If. The Sierra Space Corporation's plans stand. And there are no technical problems. 

Those alloys are necessary. In R&D work. For creating new types of hypersonic vehicles that must face very high thermal loads. Those materials are also important for creating new space planes. That can operate from regular runways. Or even by using VTOL technology. The VTOL spaceplane. It could use the jet engines under its belly to rise from the ground. Or the system can use large quadcopters or high-flying drones for that work. Those drones raise the aircraft to the high atmosphere. And then it can release it. The jet engines will accelerate it to speed. That is about Mach 1. 

The Boeing X-37B. 

Shenlong below Harbin H-6. About 5 years ago (Internet)

“An illustration of China's robotic Shenlong space plane above Earth. (Image credit: Erik Simonsen/Getty Images)” (Space.com)

“© The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel - 32 Feet Long, 26 Feet Wingspan, and Under 7 Tonnes: Meet Haolong, the Future Chinese Cargo Spacecraft” (The Daily Galaxy)

“A US-built 3D printing system designed to manufacture aerospace-grade parts wherever they are needed is getting a materials upgrade that could make printed components lighter and stronger.” (Interesting Engineering)

And then it can launch ramjets. Or the system. It can transfer to use rocket engines when turbojets raise it high enough. The system can also use the existing technology. Their regular aircraft raises that space plane to the high atmosphere. The system can carry it under the wing. Or on the back. Or the jet fighter. It can pull that rocket plane behind it. Then that jet fighter makes the ballistic jump. But the problem with the space planes is not their price. The problem is in their heat stress. The space shuttle used ceramic structures. That binds the thermal energy.

But the problem was that some of those ceramic bricks were single-use. This means that. The crew must remove and glue the new bricks to replace the used ones. The function of those bricks is based on that. When they evaporate, they transfer energy out from the space shuttle’s body. The accident of the Columbia Shuttle. It was caused by damage in one of those bricks. The heat drilled itself. Into. The body of the shuttle. And then a hole formed. And air pressure made the rest. Causing seven deaths. This is. One of the examples of why. Those space planes are so hard to make. When we think about causes like the X-15 and SR-71. Engineers used titanium in their bodies. But those planes required full-scale checks after the flight. 

One model. That can make rocket aircraft and spaceflight everyday work. It could be the active cooling system. The cooling system can involve a thermos bottle of low-temperature gas. The gas, or so-called Bose-Einstein condensate, will be released to the spaceplane’s shell. To cool the structures. The core of the spaceplane. It can be equipped with tubes. There, that very cold material can move. When the system sees that the temperature rises too high. 

Condensate. It will be released. When the craft is on the ground, engineers can change that thermos bottle. Or. They can fill that bottle with a new ultra-cold condensate dose. The ultra-cold condensate. It can fit in a quite small space. And it can be used for cooling the shell. And if the spaceplane does not travel back and forth between orbit and atmosphere. There is no need to store a lot of condensate. The ultra-cold condensate that cools the structure. It can also decrease the hypersonic missile IR signature. 

Those kinds of active cooling systems. They can make aircraft and missiles capable of traveling faster than ever before. 

https://dailygalaxy.com/2024/11/haolong-future-chinese-cargo-spacecraft/

https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-alloy-withstands-extreme-heat

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/us-built-3d-printer-graphene-filament

https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/chinas-mysterious-shenlong-space-plane-recently-launched-on-its-4th-mission-what-is-it-doing-up-there

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Chaser

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceplane

Stratolaunch Talon A: A reusable hypersonic system. It reaches Mach 5+. 10+ times.

The Talon A is a hypersonic, air-launched concept. That system has 10+ successful launches. The thing that makes this aircraft interesting. It’s that this system is reusable. So. When Talon A is released from its mothership. It can complete its mission and return to base. This system could act as a long-range reconnaissance drone. These kinds of systems could penetrate the airspace. And search for interesting objects. 

The hypersonic ramjet-driven system. It can also act as a space transporter and ASAT system. The hypersonic, air-breathing system. It can use a so-called rocket ramjet.  The rocket ramjet engine. Or. So-called flap ramjet. There is a hatch at the air inlet. When. The aircraft moves in the atmosphere. That system takes oxygen from the air. When. It transfers it out from the atmosphere. The ramjet-engined reusable system. It can be used to accelerate a plane to that speed. There is the scramjet engine. It can be started. 

Talon A dropped from the mothership. 

The air hatch closes. And the system transfers to using internal oxygen. The system is basically similar to the flap engine of the WWII German Fi-103, V1 flying bombs. But the shape of the engine tube is different. This system turns the hypersonic system capable of operating outside the atmosphere. 

“X-15 after igniting rocket engine”. (Wikipedia, X-15)

But. The Talon A-type systems. They can also be part of R&D work with larger, more capable systems. The SR-72 DarkStar is one of those new systems. The Ramjet and Scramjet-based technology is the thing.  That can make new jet fighters more deadly. The hypersonic technology is not a new idea. Since the 1960s, test planes like the X-15 have been used to test technology. That allows aircraft to travel at speeds that are above Mach 3. Top speed of the X-15. It was about Mach 6,70. X-15 made that record in 1968 in the program’s final flight. 

“Lockheed Martin SR-72 concept” (ScitechDaily, Lockheed Martin SR-72)

The X-15 rocket plane. It was calculated. That. It could transport a 68 kg satellite. To orbit. The X-15 was a rocket. That had wings. The reaction engine could operate in space.

The Ramjet engine uses oxygen from air. But it's easy to transform into a rocket ramjet. The flap at the air inlet. It must only be closed. And the plane. It must be transferred to use an internal oxygenizer. That allows the system to operate in space.  Small-sized ramjet and scramjet-based systems. They can be launched from mothership planes. But. Larger-sized systems require some other technology. The space plane. That operates from runways. It can use regular turbine engines. To accelerate the aircraft to a speed where the ramjet can start. When that system travels to the edge of space. It. Transforms to use an internal oxygenizer. 

https://www.stratolaunch.com/vehicles/talon-a/

https://theaviationist.com/2025/05/06/stratolaunch-tests-talon-a2-reusable-hypersonic-flight/

https://zamin.uz/en/technology/213878-the-hypersonic-technology-race-talon-a-drone-reaches-a-new-milestone.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15

Brains might use different languages in external and internal communication.

Brains might not use natural language for logical reasoning. Or they don’t use language. That we can use in a verbal form. This means that the brain’s internal communication requires a different communication protocol. Than humans use in communication with other people. We can call those protocols languages. But logic doesn’t need a similar language. As we use in speech. Logic needs communication. And a way of communication. It can be different. But we can call that communication “language”. 

We understand natural languages as language. That we speak and write. But nature is full of languages that we cannot use in verbal communication. Things like hormonal and pheromone-based chemical communication. It's very common. Most of the neuron’s mutual communication is a combination of electric and chemical signals. So that means those communications. They are also natural. But the key component in information is this. Brains must have an ability to separate external and internal signals. 

Brains are very complicated structures. They contain many hidden neural networks and hidden layers. We know that only a small part of the brain's internal communication reaches consciousness. 

This raises an idea. That maybe humans use different languages to communicate with other people. Than brains use their internal communication. So could the cerebral cortex. The diencephalon and brainstem use different communication languages for internal communication. 

If the brainstem uses the same language for internal communication as the cerebral cortex. That could disturb the brainstem's internal communication. And that can cause death. The brainstem controls vital functions like blood pressure, pulse, and other things. In some models. The diencephalon has a mission. It is to translate brain signals from the cerebral cortex. To the brainstem. If those three brain layers use the same language. That can be hard. To separate the signals. And that can cause problems. 

When we expand this model. We can say that maybe all brain areas, including the cerebellum, have different languages. The cerebrum and cerebellum have different languages. But brain lobes like the frontal lobes and temporal lobes. They use different types of dialects. That helps the brain separate signals. That come from a certain area. And that helps to keep those signals in order. This is important. When. Brains make decisions. About the reactions to a certain stimulus. Every stimulus requires a different type of response. 

So. The use. Of different languages. In internal and external communication protects brains. 

It’s possible that all human brain areas use different types of language. If we want to use computing as a model. How the brain analyzes information, we must take note of. Computers have three types of programming code. The lower-level programming code. That code connects the hardware to software. The operating system level. And the highest part is the program. All three main layers are made using different types. Of programming language. 

Those three layers are meant for internal computer communication. The network communication uses other protocols and languages. Than the computer internal data flow. But then we can transform that model to the human brain. If human brains use different languages than humans use in communication with other people. That protects the brain from outside effects. In this model, information comes to the brain. through the brain area. That is reserved for a certain sense. When other humans speak. Data travels in the brain lobe. 

That handles those types of signals. Information travels to the Broca lobe. There, those neurons translate that signal into the form. That. The brain understands it. If humans. Use the same language for internal and external communication. That thing causes a situation. That other person can take another person under control. Because external communication is different. Than the brain's internal communication. Brains realize. That data comes from external sources. 

https://mcgovern.mit.edu/2026/07/06/separating-logic-and-language/

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2520095123

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain#See_also

Can there be quantum mechanics without imaginary numbers?

Above: Complex numbers. Imaginary parts are marked by i. 

In the beginning. I must say that it's always possible to calculate a point in 3D spacetime. Very accurately. The movement of the object by introducing . Only the series of coordinates of the path. The object followed. Qw cannot draw a 3D image on a 2D layer. But we can list the points. In a 3D coordinate system, there are three coordinate axes (X,Y,Z).  

That the object’s trajectory followed. This list looks like this: (3,1,1) (3,2,2) (2,3,3), but. We cannot draw that graph. By using one coordinate system. If we could share those coordinates in three parts: (X , Y), (X, Z), and (Y, Z). We could introduce a 3D graph on a 2D layer. By sharing the 3D coordinates in three different coordinate systems. 

“Quantum mechanics has long relied on complex numbers to describe the strange behavior of particles, from tunneling to entanglement. A new analysis suggests that this mathematical language may not be fundamental after all. Credit: Stock” (ScitechDaily, Quantum Mechanics May Not Need Imaginary Numbers After All)

Imaginary numbers play a big role in quantum mechanics. Imaginary numbers are part of complex numbers. The first part of the complex number. It is used to determine the particle’s position in space. An imaginary part determines the particle’s energy level. This is the classical way to determine a particle’s position in 2D space. Now researchers are investigating the possibility of making those calculations using only normal numbers. This kind of possibility is the thing. That could make it easier to make those calculations. There is a possibility. That is, the imaginary part of the complex number is replaced. By using two different calculations. That means the primary and imaginary parts of the number. 

They are simply calculated. In different calculations, but using the same formula. In normal imaginary calculations with complex numbers. The complex number’s real and imaginary parts. Can be calculated separately. All of those calculations. They can be made by using real numbers. The system must just calculate vectors. Those are from different angles. We can imagine a situation. The 3D model of the space is transformed into a series of 2D models. The horizontal and vertical positions can be introduced with two different 2D layers. 

“Explanatory diagram for the research question—is quantum mechanics possible with only real numbers?—and results of the study. Credit: Pedro Barrios Hita, HHU” (ScitechDaily, Quantum Mechanics May Not Need Imaginary Numbers After All)

This means that the researcher can use three regular 2D coordinates. To introduce the object’s position in X,Y,Z axes. The normal X,Y coordinates can be used to improvise the position in the 3D space. The first coordinates are regular X,Y. And the others. They are the X,Z, and Y,Z coordinates. If the system must not draw images. The positions of the objects. They can be introduced very accurately using regular coordinates. X,Y, Z. This is the thing for. The system introduces positions in 3- or more-dimensional spacetime as a list of coordinates. So, we could use this model to introduce the positions. And energy levels in quantum mechanics. The system can use different coordinates for the energy levels and positions. This means that the number of those coordinates. They can be increased without limits. 

https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/imaginary-numbers.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_number

Killer satellites and kinetic bombardment.

Space has a bigger role in military operations than ever before. 

China’s Shelong shuttle, which delivers and collects strange objects from the orbiter, causes worries. There is a possibility. This small shuttle has similar missions. With. The Soviet-era “Polyus” rocket. That rocket could deliver space mines and other things. Wikipedia tells. That Polyus could carry a 1 megawatt laser system. Those kinds of systems are also dangerous against high-flying targets. There is also the possibility that Polyus could cause fires. But the system. It was dangerous to other satellites. Similar structures. That look like space stations. They can involve this kind of laser system. And megawatt-class lasers are dangerous. 

In the same way, things like power satellites. They can be weaponized. The power satellite. That uses its power transmitter to other satellites. It could destroy them immediately. And those electromagnetic signals can also damage electric systems on Earth. Or those satellites. They can also jam command lines. And disturb radars. 

The space mine is a satellite. It involves nuclear- or conventional explosives. That system waits for targeted satellites. And detonates near them. Many people forget the neutron bomb. It is created for anti-satellite (ASAT) and anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems. The neutron bomb. Or, an enhanced radiation weapon (ERW) gives gamma radiation. And a neutron radiation burst. And that burst is hoped to create an EMP pulse. 

That range is smaller. Than in the cases where a full-scale nuclear weapon is detonated. The solution would be to detonate that neutron bomb in the air tank. That makes it possible to create the EMP. The EMP formation happens. When gamma rays hit the atmosphere. The satellites are safe against the low-power EMP. If they fly high enough. But if the neutron bomb detonates in the air tank. That launches a similar effect as the normal EMP weapon. 

China’s next-generation satellite engine provides 14 hours of operational time. That time seems very long. And the 14 hours of operational time allow the satellite to change its trajectory. These types of maneuvers. They are interesting. But at the same time, those abilities cause suspicion about the purpose of those engines and satellites. These types of engine systems are also suitable for reconnaissance satellites. That requires fast and unpredictable overflight capacity. But killer satellites and FOBS (Fractional Orbital Bombardment Systems) require the same abilities. One version of FOBS is kinetic bombardment. 

This type of technology is a tool that can make killer satellites more deadly than before. A killer satellite is a space fighter. It can attack other satellites. The killer can use rockets, railguns, centrifugal railguns, and laser systems to destroy its targets. The centrifugal railgun is the system. It uses a centrifugal platform. To throw ammunition. Into the magnetic accelerators. Those magnetic accelerators are the Gauss accelerators. They accelerate ammunition by using magnets. That ammunition requires something. There is the magnet. It can touch. Another version is the plasma solutions. Their plasma is used to accelerate ammunition. 

And the electric arc expands the gas. That pushes the ammunition into the tube. But the centrifugal-gauss accelerator combination. Gives the most powerful speed. To the ammunition. Things like Project Thor were the orbital bombardment project. The goal was to research a spaceborne railgun.  The system should accelerate metal flechettes. To a speed of Mach 24. The Pentagon abandoned that project. The problem was that the system was not accurate enough. The kinetic bombardment could be an effective tool against single houses and things like tanks and ships. The big problem was in the aiming system. Another thing that those kinetic bombardment systems could do. They could do. Is to offer defense against high-flying hypersonic missiles. 

Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) compared to a traditional ICBM (Wikipedia, FOBS)

"The T-shaped structure of the China Space Station. /China Manned Space Agency" (CGTN)

“China leads in satellite navigation despite launch challenges.” (IE)

“The same microwave beams meant to send energy from space could also control signals on Earth.” (IE)

“Polyus on the Energia rocket”. (Wikipedia, Polyus)

W9 280mm Artillery Fired Atomic Projectile. (Wikipedia, Upshot–Knothole Grable)

Above: One of the smallest nuclear weapons. Davy Crockett  at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 1961. The yield of that weapon. It was about 20 tons of TNT. That is twice as much as the 10-ton MOP bombs that were used against Iranian nuclear laboratories. In the so-called subcritical nuclear weapons, the remarkable power of the explosion comes from the conventional explosion. The system is the weaponized version of the subcritical nuclear reactor.

 “A subcritical reactor is a nuclear fission reactor concept that produces fission without achieving criticality. Instead of sustaining a chain reaction, a subcritical reactor uses additional neutrons from an outside source. There are two general classes of such devices. One uses neutrons provided by a nuclear fusion machine, a concept known as a fusion–fission hybrid. The other uses neutrons created through spallation of heavy nuclei. By charged particles such as protons accelerated by a particle accelerator, a concept known as an accelerator-driven system (ADS) or accelerator-driven subcritical reactor.” (Wikipedia, Subcritical reactor)

For work right. The reaction must be very fast. 

There is a possibility that this kind of small nuke will be put at the bottom of the GPU 57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP). And then detonate in that bomb. The system will give a very big boost. For a conventional anti-bunker bomb. The anti-bunker bomb that could be delivered using ballistic missiles. It can detonate ballistic missiles at their launching sites. And the nuclear-powered anti-bunker bombs. They can be very effective. The Davy Crockett-type micro nukes cause criticism. They are claimed to remove the line between conventional and nuclear warheads. And decrease the line. To use nuclear weapons. 

The kinetic bombardment will not be effective at ruining cities. The FOBS systems. The spaceborne nuclear weapons. That could be installed. Into the satellites. The EMP bomb that lurks in the satellite. That could detonate without warning. And those systems are dangerous for all types of electronics. The EMP pulse. It can shut down the communication antennas. And cause critical damage. To avionic systems and other electric components. The smart weapons. They can also turn ineffective. 

That is another thing that causes worries. People sometimes think that FOBS is some kind of big nuclear weapon. The FOBS system. It can use nuclear grenades. The 280mm nuclear grenade. It is not a very big thing. Same way as the neutron bomb. It could be quite a small thing. Neutron bomb. It can also detonate targets like ships. If they get direct hits from those weapons. 

The FOBS doesn’t necessarily mean nuclear weapons. The FOBS system. It can deliver glide bombs that are equipped with a heat shield. Or the orbital bombardment system. It can deliver drones. In the atmosphere. Kinetic systems can also be rockets. That satellite shoots into its targets. The kinetic attack system. It can be regular aerial rockets. Equipped. With a ceramic core. Those systems can drop or launch those rockets just above the target. There is also the possibility. That the concrete bombs. They can be dropped from space. 

In scenarios, the FOBS weapon mimics space junk. Sometimes. Satellites whose operational time is over. Will be launched on a high-altitude trajectory. Those FOBS satellites can lurk in that satellite graveyard. When they get their orders. They fall to a lower trajectory. Or straight to the target. Same way as a satellite fighter. That mission is to demosh other satellites. It can hide in that region. The system. It can launch miniature satellites that push other satellites away from their trajectories. In some other scenarios, the system. It could shoot small soft ammunition at the targeted satellites. 

That system can involve an electric shock system. That jams the satellite. The soft structure. It helps to keep targeted satellites in one piece. And the ammunition just pushes them  into the atmosphere. This kind of system can be effective against low-orbiting photo reconnaissance satellites. Another version could be a neutron bomb. That detonates in the air tank. This can create a destructive EMP pulse with a limited area effect. Another version is the hydro-oxygen tank. That detonates in water. This kind of system. They can create a material wall. That pushes satellites. Out of their trajectory. 

https://interestingengineering.com/space/china-satellite-engine-continuous-operation

https://interestingengineering.com/space/chinas-space-solar-power-station-hints-military-use

https://interestingengineering.com/space/china-surpasses-us-in-satellite-navigation

https://www.slashgear.com/1370302/america-cold-war-space-weapon-rods-from-god-explained/

https://sociable.co/technology/beijing-moscow-weaponized-space-through-killer-satellites-directed-energy-weapons-defense-sec/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_reusable_experimental_spacecraft

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_bomb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Crockett_(nuclear_device)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyus_(spacecraft)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenlong_(spacecraft)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcritical_reactor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upshot%E2%80%93Knothole_Grable