Ultrasound makes liquids travel through air. But it can also replace propellers in air-cushion vehicles.

Finnish researchers created an ultrasound tube that transports matter through air. The system uses a tube in which ultrasound loudspeakers push matter away from the walls. This allows it to transport sticky liquids through the tube without leaving dirt behind. 

That helps to keep tubes clean. And that is important to avoid blockages. But this kind of ultrasound system can make many other things. The ultrasound system can push water that travels through the tube. This makes it possible to make very thin liquid “beams”. 

Ultrasound systems. Can be used to control plasma. And liquid metals. To. control plasma and liquid metals. Liquid gases. And many other things. Ultrasound can keep hot metal or plasma away from the walls. It can be used. To push jet engine exhaust gas away from the walls of the exhaust tube. 

And that can remove vibrations. Ultrasound systems can also make things like flying cars possible. They can push cars upwards. And if they are connected to the systems. Ultrasound can increase pressure in the cold-gas thruster chambers. The cold gas should expand. That. They can push cars forward. 

Ultrasound systems can also make pressure waves. In. Things like a ramjet engine. They can push air-fuel mixture against the walls of the combustion chamber. That increases pressure and temperature. Another thing is that. In rocket engines, ultrasound systems can press the exhaust gas. And fire away from the engine walls. 

And. That decreases vibration, like in jet engines. In spacecraft, ultrasound can push air away from the spacecraft body. If. The ultrasound spike pushes air away from the hypersonic body. That decreases temperature in that structure. That allows the system to fly lower than usual at hypersonic speeds. 

Hypersonic systems can use ultrasound to move air away from their body. That helps to keep temperature lower. 

Acoustic systems. Can make exotic engine systems possible. 

In ships, ultrasound systems can push water away from the structure. The ultrasound system pushes water backwards. In small boats, the system can push water away from the body.  This thing. Can make things like jet-engine boats more effective. The jet engine pushes the boat forward. Ultrasound. Systems can keep it even airborne. This means an ultrasound system can replace even propellers in air-cushion systems. 

Or makes the front ditch that pulls the ship forward deeper. That makes the ship travel faster. The system pushes water down at the front of the keel. In that case, water in the back pushes the ship into the ditch. That ultrasound is made at the front of the ship. 

In. Some other very exotic propulsion systems. Microwaves or lasers vaporize water. At. The front of the ship. And then water pushes it from the back. In submarines, the system can make a bubble. Or a tunnel at the front of the submarine. And water behind that sub pushes it forward. In submarines, the ultrasound can also push water away from its hull. 

That makes it possible to create submarines that can dive deeper. The ultrasound system. It can. Decrease water pressure against the hull. But. It can also push water away from the submarine. And that can make it possible to run deeper and probably faster. In some visions, the submarine can travel as fast as an airplane. The submarine travels in an acoustic bubble; there, the ultrasound system can push water away. 

And. The submarine can use rocket engines to reach very high speed. The submarine can use its nuclear reactor. To. Separate hydrogen and oxygen by using electrolysis. The problem is that water is much denser than air. So the submarine must create a bubble around it for this system to work. And maybe ultrasound can make that bubble real. 

The ultrasound can make flying cars real. The system uses ultrasound to create pressure that pushes the system upwards. 

Ultrasound systems allow developers to create acoustic levitation systems. The ultrasound can push pallets and even some aerial devices upward. Coherent ultrasound systems make it possible. To create a so-called virtual antigravity system. 

Those ultrasound loudspeakers can create pressure impulses. That can rise. Even heavy objects from the ground. This is one way to make a system. That is so-called virtually silent. The problem with ultrasound levitation is this. The system makes dogs bark.  

https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/energy/ultrasound-creates-tube-guides-matter-through-air

https://bmmagazine.co.uk/opinion/tesla-flying-roadster-robotaxi-young-drivers-2026/

There are predictions that Russia is attempting to strike at satellites.

Russian Kosmos 2612 shadowed the Finnish IceEye satellite. The IceEye is the tool. That delivers intelligence data for Ukraine. The resolution. Of. Those satellites. It is less than 30 cm. A radar satellite could act as a communication platform. If. The radar antenna and computer are programmed to receive and send data in radio transmissions. 

This is an interesting detail in its orbital operations. Maybe Russia has plans to attack satellites. This kind of attack can happen using conventional weapons. Those weapons are rockets and colliding satellites. And ASAT missiles. They could use extremely strong radio waves. Or. Russians can use things like nuclear weapons. Those weapons can destroy multiple satellites. And. Some experts call this scenario “Orbital Pearl Harbour”. This kind of strike can destroy multiple satellites. 

Including.Reconnaissance and communication platforms. Those platforms play a vital role in modern drone operations. A nuclear explosion in space near Earth is always a catastrophe. That EMP can shut down communications. It can also shut down navigation and many other satellites. On Earth, those orbital detonations can cause damage. They can cut electricity in city areas. Or cut electricity from ships. That are under the detonation areas. The nuclear explosion’s power determines its effect. The famous “Dominick Starfish Prime” test was 1,4 mt. That test shut down electricity from Oahu, Hawaii, in 1962. 

At that time. Electric networks were less vulnerable than today. This means. The EMP pulse can destroy all electronics. In. A much larger area than in 1962. The problem is that Starlink provides Very. Good data security and good connections. This makes those satellites pretty good targets. And. This is why new drone makers rethink their relationships with Starlink and Starshield services. The problem is that there are many ways to jam satellites. 

One is the targeted EMP that destroys its electronics. But. Another way. It is to create a plasma layer between the satellite and its clients.  That thing can be made by using low-yield nuclear weapons. 

Another version. It is. To use high-power radio- or microwave transmitters. That ion layer can deny satellite communication. This block can shut down communication from both sides.  

And. That’s why Military specialists thought the plasma block was not used in real life. 

The plasma block. It denies. An ability. To use radar. The plasma block blocks all radio waves. The thing. That. Makes the situation complicated. Is that. If. The other side doesn’t use satellites. Those plasma systems create plasma in the ionosphere. That means atmospheric satellites at 5- 35 km altitude can partially replace satellites. The atmospheric satellite can be miniature. That hangs in a weather balloon. That kind of satellite could hang that plasma layer below. Another tool is aircraft-based systems. They provide location and control information between drones and operators. 

This means Russia may try to shut down Starlink and IceEye satellites. In future conflicts, satellites are primary targets. They offer vital information to the military. Blocking that information protects their own targets. Destroying satellites denies them use in drone operations. 

https://www.twz.com/news-features/major-ukrainian-arms-maker-rethinking-future-reliance-on-starlink

https://www.twz.com/news-features/russias-satellite-unprecedented-shadowing-of-a-very-particular-radar-imaging-satellite-is-a-big-deal

New stealth systems are required for a new type of warfare.

“The J-31 differs from the F-35 in that it has two engines, which in turn reduces its area ruling, making for more efficient supersonic flight, including future supercruise once the J-31 obtains more powerful engines. Hunter Chen” (Popular mechanics)

Invisibility cloaks. Or. Invisibility fabrics are tools. Whose purpose is to improve servicemen's survivability. Those systems are used in Libya and some other modern conflicts. This system also helped the F-15 crew members hide when their plane was shot down in Iran.  Snipers. And other operators who want to hide from their enemies are almost certainly using those things. The invisibility cloak. Can be connected. 

With new types of recon boats, cars,  satellites, and some helicopters. The big problem with those systems is that they cannot hide objects from radar or infrared. The important thing today is invisibility. And. The invisibility cloak can offer visual invisibility for users. This system can make vehicles invisible, but the big problem is: how to install it on high-speed jets. 

In normal scenarios. The stealth material absorbs radar signals. This means that the stealth material conducts energy to the battery. Or it transforms it into heat. Then that material must conduct that heat somewhere. No material can absorb energy forever. There is a limit. After. The material reaches that energy limit.  The radar-absorbing material (RAM) will be broken. 

It is always possible that some stealth fighter gets hit in enemy airspace. This can cause a situation. That allows the enemy to hack the material. And this means that. No part of the stealth airplane must fall into hostile hands. 

If. The material turns hot. That heat makes the aircraft visible. In. infrared (IIR) imaging sensors.  That technology uses machine vision and AI components to detect targets. 

if. The EMP weapon is targeted. At. The area. It can destroy the electronics that those systems use. This is the problem with high-tech systems. The EMP is a high-power radio signal. That. The radio transmitter can create it. It uses high-power impulse capacitors. The EMP can terminate all electronics. And make those kinds of invisibility cloaks malfunction. The EMP can also destroy electronics in drone swarms. The high-power EMP weapon can also destroy electronics in aircraft, cars, boats, and everywhere else. After the EMP strikes, the target seems unharmed. But all computers are destroyed. Because. Of a high-voltage spike. The EMP impulse. Can be sent from high-power radars. So. The EMP weapon can be a radar with extremely high transmission power. 

The new quantum stealth systems. They can make all electromagnetic waves slide over the surface. If. That surface cannot be impacted by electromagnetic radiation. That radiation cannot transport energy into the aircraft’s structure. So. That means. Quantum stealth should protect against lasers. And.  Other directed energy weapons. The ability. To turn light away from the target. It makes it invisible. But. This ability. Like counter-radiation. It makes it possible. To. Turn the laser beams away. This requires a counter laser beam. That has the same wavelength. With. Attacking lasers. The loyal wingman drone can block the laser beam. That destroys the loyal wingman drone. But it leaves the aircraft time to point its own weapon at the laser. This means that. The last ultimate solution. It is replaced. By. Another ultimate solution. And. In the world of military. There is an endless race between the ultimate attacker and the ultimate defender. 

“By bending light around an object, the science of transformation optics could enable the first working 3D cloaking device. A new advance in metalenses, if successfully applied, could extend a cloak to the visible light portion of the spectrum, enabling the first true "invisibility cloak. Credit: Hyperstealth Biotechnology. ("BigThink, The sci-fi inspired “cloaking device” makes invisibility possible

The cloak can be covered. Using carbonite class. That class can offer a hard shell for those vehicles. Carbonite class is the hardest material for spacecraft. This kind of material can form a new type of armour. The carbonite class can protect the invisibility cloak. The big problem is that. The material can be seen on radar. The fact is that. Most of the cheap drones use regular CCD cameras. And that kind of invisibility cloak can protect against regular CCD cameras. But the problem is that. The drone swarm can involve different types of drones. Each drone can have different types of cameras. This makes them hard to feint. 

New quantum technologies are making traditional stealth materials useless. Modern missiles use artificial intelligence and multi-sensor homing systems. This means. They are immune to traditional infrared jamming systems, including torches. The jammer systems and other active tools are effective. But the problem is the active radio transmission. Anti-radiation missiles can turn those jammers against their users. An infrared jammer also sends IR radiation. That radiation can jam traditional IR-homing missiles. Optical fire control with laser and microwave systems can use those jammers as targets. 

Things like plasma-stealths are under development. Plasma stealth is a tool that can protect aircraft against radar. The big problem is that. Plasma denies radio waves from traveling through it in both directions. This effect causes radio silence. When. Spacecraft arrive in the atmosphere. Friction raises its temperature. And it turns the air around it into plasma. This plasma layer denies radio communication. Through. It. This plasma layer makes it hard to develop hypersonic aircraft. And it makes it hard to develop plasma stealth. 

The answer can be lidar. Laser radars can see through this layer. Hypersonic cruise systems can use AI-boosted lidar. And. Optical sensor systems can see targets. Another possibility is this. The aircraft uses loyal wingman-type drones to drop. Other drones to operational areas. Those drones can mark targets. That is one version os the new types of systems. The hypersonic drone travels over the target area. It drops those marker drones. And then the next wave sends weapons to targets. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/invisibility-cloak-183582/

https://www.popsci.com/chinas-j-31-stealth-fighter-then-and-now/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_J-35

The MMX mission aims to collect a 15-gram sample from Phobos. It is on the way to Mars.

“This artist's concept of JAXA's Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission shows the deployed spacecraft, Mars, and Mars's largest moon, Phobos, all together. MMX will orbit and survey Phobos from up close before deploying a rover to scout out the surface, and then land on it to collect samples and return them to Earth: the most ambitious sample return mission yet to be conducted in space exploration history.” (BigThink, MMX mission to reveal the origins of the Martian moons)

JAXA's mission to Mars is to bring 15 grams of Martian moon dust to Earth. This mission is the next step in Japanese space innovation. The last mission brought samples from asteroids. The new mission is more difficult. The 25 kg IDEFIX rover collects samples from Phobos. The new mission is called Mars Moons eXploration (MMX). The spacecraft uses multiple sensors. Researchers hope. That. They can solve the secrets of the carbon asteroid called Phobos. The thing. That makes Phobos and Deimos very interesting is this. They are carbon asteroids. Maybe. Mars captured those asteroids. Or, in some other models, a cosmic catastrophe separated them from Mars. In some models, Phobos is like a pile of gravel. In some other models, it’s like some diamond. A third model suggests that Phobos is sand. That ice binds together. 

The MMX can answer that question. If Phobos is dense material, it could have formed when a cosmic catastrophe threw it away from Mars. The gravity could destroy the pile of gravel. MMX can also answer the question. Do those moons, Phobos and Deimos, have the same origin? 

Their surface is covered by dust. That makes it hard to get data from their surface. That. Dark. Or brown dust is the reason. For. Why those moons are classified as “carbon asteroids”. The dust is similar to that that covers our Moon. But the main part of those moons' surface It is hidden under that dust. 

“The relative sizes of the asteroid-like moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. Phobos is the innermost moon of Mars, while the smaller Deimos is more than twice as far away. Despite their appearances as looking similar to asteroids, it’s thought that Phobos and Deimos were once joined by a larger, third, inner moon, which has since decayed and fallen back to Mars. All are thought to originate from a giant, ancient impact.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.” (BigThink, MMX mission to reveal the origins of the Martian moons)

“This artist’s concept shows Japan’s Mars Moons eXploration (MMX) spacecraft, carrying a NASA instrument to study the Martian moons Phobos and Deimos. The mission will contain a sample return component, and after collecting material from Phobos in 2027, it should return that component to Earth in the year 2031. We could know if Mars possessed ancient life, and if Phobos is made out of Martian material, just 5 years after the successful launch of MMX.”(BigThink, MMX mission to reveal the origins of the Martian moons)

The probe itself carries multiple very high-accuracy sensors. The list of those sensors is from the BigThink web magazine. 

TENGOO is a high-resolution camera, resolving features as small as 40 centimetres (16 inches) on the surface, and can scout out a safe landing site.

OROCHI is a multiwavelength and wide-angle imager, perfect for identifying organic matter and water-rich material.

LIDAR is a laser altimeter that will measure altitude and reflectivity everywhere on the surface.

MIRS is an infrared spectrometer that will map out the distribution of any water-related substance over the entire surface.

MEGANE is a gamma-ray and neutron spectrometer that can map out the chemical elements composing the Martian moons.

CMDM is a dust monitor that can detect any dust rings around Mars, down to a minimum size of as little as 10 microns.

MSA is a mass spectrometer that will measure ions released by the moon itself, revealing the presence and cycles of ices.

(BigThink, MMX mission to reveal the origins of the Martian moons)

“Rather than only the two Martian moons we see today, Phobos and Deimos, a collision followed by a circumplanetary disk may have given rise to three moons of Mars, where only two survive today. The idea is that Mars’s once-innermost moon was destroyed and fell back onto Mars long ago. This hypothetical transient moon of Mars, proposed in a 2016 paper, is now the leading idea in the formation of Mars’s moons, and helps explain the enormous differences in topography between Mars’s northern and southern hemispheres. Credit: LabEx UnivEarthS | Université de Paris Diderot.”(BigThink, MMX mission to reveal the origins of the Martian moons)

“This cute little guy is a model of the IDEFIX rover: a small rover designed to be landed on Phobos in advance of the main sample collection and return lander. The IDEFIX rover is 23 kilograms in mass, which would have the equivalent weight on Phobos of just 15 grams. By characterizing. the moon’s soil in advance and testing the ability to operate a wheeled vehicle on an ultra-low-density body, it will pave the way for the success of the sample return portion of the MMX mission. Credit: Artvill/Wikimedia Commons. “(BigThink, MMX mission to reveal the origins of the Martian moons)

“The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument, part of Mars Global Surveyor, collected over 200 million laser altimeter measurements in constructing this topographic map of Mars. The Tharsis region (centre-left) is the highest elevation region on the planet, while the lowlands appear in blue. Note the much lower elevation of the northern hemisphere compared to the southern, with a mean difference in elevation of around ~5 km, thought to arise from the fallback of a third, large, former Martian moon.

Credit: Mars Global Surveyor MOLA Team.” (BigThink, MMX mission to reveal the origins of the Martian moons)

“This close-up image of asteroid Itokawa was taken by the Hayabusa spacecraft in 2005 near its closest approach to the asteroid. Different parts of the asteroid have different densities, indicating that it formed as a contact binary from two predecessor “dirty snowball” asteroids. Itokawa likely has a history where several different smaller objects merged together to form what we see today: a common story among asteroid belt and Kuiper belt objects in our Solar System. Itokawa was the first object beyond Earth’s orbit to be successfully landed on, sampled, and to have its material returned to Earth.

Credit: JAXA “ (BigThink, MMX mission to reveal the origins of the Martian moons)

The mission's purpose is to find out: 

Was Mars ever home to life?

Was Phobos the result of a Martian impact or an asteroid capture event?

When will deposited Martian material display signs of being hydrated versus anhydrous?

(BigThink, MMX mission to reveal the origins of the Martian moons)

The problem is that the sensors must dig through the dust. Before. They can see Phobos’s surface. The probe uses a small rover to collect those samples. The probe drops that rover on Phobos. Before. It lands. The IDEFIX is the first rover to travel so far in the solar system. 

The Big Think magazine describes IDEFIX like this: 

And, in addition to all of those, IDEFIX is the small, mobile rover that will land on and explore the surface of Phobos before the main spacecraft lands to collect data and samples fit for the sample return component. There are three main drilling, sampling, collection, and return instruments:

CSMP, which will excavate the surface of Phobos to a depth of 2 cm (just under 1 inch), filling a core soil tube for the sample return capsule.

P-SMP, which will collect surface material pneumatically by injecting nitrogen gas on sub-second timescales.

And SRC, which is the sample return capsule that will store the samples collected by CSMP and P-SMP and return them to Earth’s surface.

(BigThink, MMX mission to reveal the origins of the Martian moons)

This kind of system requires highly advanced artificial intelligence and advanced mission planning. This sample-collecting system can collect data for new missions. Its purpose could be to return samples from Mars. Those samples can tell us whether Mars was once alive. And they can also answer questions.  Why is Mars dry? Maybe. There was liquid water. Only for a short time. There is a possibility. That. Prokaryotic bacteria formed on that planet. 

https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/japan-prepares-to-launch-sample-return-mission-to-phobos/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/mmx-mission-origins-martian-moons/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deimos_(moon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon)

ABEP and VLEO satellites.

The futuristic ABEP shuttle can look a little bit like this fictional space fighter. Air inlets pull thin gas into the engine. Then the system ionizes that gas. And the system will shoot those ions back. The atmospheric laser-ramjet engine can act like a regular ramjet. But the laser or microwave system can drive the gas expansion in the combustion chamber. The laser- or electric ramjet engine can be the next-generation aviation system. The electric jet engine. Or a plasma jet engine. And its ramjet version can be connected to ABEP systems—the ABEP systems tested in laboratories. 

Real orbital tests.  Have not yet been conducted. 

Atmospheric-breathing electric propulsion (ABEP) can allow a satellite to remain in very low Earth orbit (VLEO) almost indefinitely. The VLEO orbiter is an ideal place for reconnaissance satellites. But the problem is this. That orbiter orbits at an altitude of 100-200 kilometers. And there. The air resistance makes satellites drop back to Earth quite soon. Or the satellite must use its engine very often. Every single satellite has limited fuel capacity. The VLEO vehicle must return to Earth quite soon. And that is the thing that makes the VLEO missions very difficult. ABEP engine. 

Can be the solution to this problem. The system pulls very thin air into its chamber. Then the system ionizes that gas. And after that. The ion system pushes ionized gas backwards. The ABEP engine can get its electricity from solar panels. Theoretically, that engine system could keep a satellite in VLEO. For. Unlimited time. The thruster uses an electron cannon to ionize that gas. And then accelerators push that gas backward. 

SR-72 Dark Star. Or. Some of its concepts. Those systems can also be connected with ABEP. 

Atmosphere-Breathing Electric Propulsion concept. Those systems can also be used as plasmoid weapons. 

Another version is that the lasers or microwaves can expand that gas. And. That expansion pushes the satellite upward. The fact is that. The ABEP systems can also be installed with electric jet engines or ramjet engines. The system uses ramjets or other air-breathing systems to transport that spacecraft to a trans-atmospheric trajectory. There. That system can start an ABEP drive. Microwave or laser systems can raise the thrust. 

The big thing. In an ABEP engine. The system can also use it to create a plasma tail. The plasma tail can deny satellite communication. And deny radars the ability to see through that tail. This can. Make it possible. To use ABEP systems as plasmoid jammers. The ABEP systems can also increase the next-generation spy planes’ and missiles’ flight time.  Maybe next-generation spy planes like the SR-72 Dark Star and other similar systems can use the ABEP drive. When. They travel in a VLEO orbiter. In those cases, the aircraft accelerates to a ballistic jump. And. Activates its ABEP drive. While. It returns to the atmosphere. This system. Can give spaceplanes a new ability. ABEP engines are suitable for small-sized systems. The engine system can use solar panels and RTGs (Isotope batteries). 

Or. Full-scale. But small-sized portable nuclear reactors as their power supply.  Maybe. Some next-generation stealth bombers can also use the ABEP systems. The missile. It can have an ABEP carrier. That system keeps it in VLEO. There, it can wait for orders. Then that cruise missile can dive to the ozone layer and start the mission. The ABEP system can use solar panels. Or an internal nuclear reactor. The remarkable thing is that. This kind of system can also operate in other planets’ orbiters. The Venus orbiters can use that system in low-orbit missions. 

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/new-electric-jet-engine-actually-works-inside-the-atmosphere

https://scitechdaily.com/new-satellite-engine-could-use-earths-atmosphere-as-fuel-to-stay-in-orbit-indefinitely/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere-breathing_electric_propulsion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72

https://medium.com/@batrobin/abep-and-vleo-satellites-cb6a3173d5d6

New rocket engine designs can improve spaceflight.

“Rotating Detonation Rocket Engine (test photo and illustration)(Interesting engineering)

The rotating detonation rocket engine (RDE) could be the new thruster for space missions. These engines use a rotating combustion event to generate more thrust. That is why the RDE engines are under development. Those engines could serve regular space rockets. And maybe trans-atmospheric planes (TAV). Those are so-called rocket planes. The TAV vehicle can operate from regular runways. Travel in the atmosphere using regular jet engines. 

And when they must operate outside the atmosphere, those planes switch to rocket engines. These tools are required for next-generation orbital operations. The original TAV system concept uses air-breathing engines to reach trans-atmospheric orbit (TAO). There. The improved version can activate its rocket engines. 

Another remarkable tool. They are the so-called Hall-effect engines. Those engines use ion flow to give thrust. The problem with those engines is their weak thrust. But their specific impulse is very high. Hall-effect engines use recoil from ions. To move the craft forward. And the big problem is the thrust. Hall-effect thrusters require. A regular rocket. To lift off from the atmosphere. 

“Hydrosat (left) Starlight thruster fire testing (right)” (Interesting engineering)

“Hall thruster. Hall thrusters are largely axially symmetric. This is a cross-section containing that axis.” (Wikipedia, Hall-effect thruster)

“Nuclear-powered spacecraft (render)” (Interesting engineering) 

The new Hall-effect thruster, named Starlight, uses solid zinc as propellant. Those systems could also use mercury, iron, or any other ionized material as propellants. 

Maybe. It's possible. To create electromagnetic-chemical rocket engines. That also creates strong thrust. There is a possibility. To expand propellant in the combustion chamber using a laser or microwave system. The propellant will be conducted into the combustion or expansion chamber. And then lasers or microwaves expand that propellant, which can be hydrogen. 

There is also the possibility of creating an ion system. That ionizes air at the front of the wing. And then magnetic rails pull those ions from above the wing. This kind of system. It can decrease the aircraft's weight. The aircraft doesn’t need to move if it levitates. The system. It must just make gas. To flow over the top of the wing. That air, or ion flow, can also decrease the ground pressure. And if that flow is strong enough. That system can pull the aircraft into the air.  Ion systems can also act as plasma stealth. That makes aircraft invisible to radar. 

An ion cannon that launches an ion beam in the atmosphere can create an extremely strong flash. That gives those systems a stun effect. 

The interplanetary spacecraft requires nuclear reactors. Those systems create electric arcs for thrusters. That vaporizes propellant. The new Hall-effect thruster used solid zinc as propellant. That kind of thruster can open a path to the entire solar system. But the fact is that. The Hall-effect thrusters are easy to transform into space weapons. The system can shoot anions in the middle of the ion beams. Or the electron beam. The electron beam. That travels in the ion beam. Can keep those beams in their form. Those high-energy systems require nuclear reactors. 

https://interestingengineering.com/energy/nuclear-reactor-space-161m-award

https://interestingengineering.com/energy/nuclear-reactor-space-161m-award

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/zinc-hall-effect-thruster-fires-in-space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall-effect_thruster

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatmospheric_orbit

Space weapons are coming.

U.S. confirmed it has weapons in space. This is the next step in the arms race. Satellites play a big role in the modern military. That's why the military wants to affect them. GPS, communication, and reconnaissance satellites are high-value targets. And. Without those systems. intelligent warfare is impossible. The next point is that satellites disturb fire-control radars. ECM satellites are used in Iran. Those systems can disrupt drone swarms. And other data communications. 

This is why every nation with space capacity develops ASAT systems. A system that threatens ECM and radar satellites can be a large version of anti-radiation missiles. 

The anti-satellite weapons might not destroy targeted satellites. They can try to jam their signals. Or slam their systems down with an EMP pulse. In those cases, the weapon can use capacitor-based systems. That sends high-power microwaves or radio waves to targeted satellites. 

"A Davy Crockett micro nuke at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 1961" (Wikipedia, Davy Crockett (nuclear device)

“A notional rendering of China's reusable Shenlong space plane. (Image credit: Erik Simonsen/Getty Images)” (Space.com)

The killer satellites' mission is to destroy other satellites. Or, they can be used to create high-power EMP signals using nuclear warheads. Requires a new type of reaction. The nuclear-based EMP is one of the most powerful weapons. There is a possibility that the satellite can drop nuclear weapons on targets. So-called. FOBS (Fractional Orbital Bombardment Systems). They can be miniature space shuttles. Those shuttles can hang in orbit and wait for orders to attack. In that case, those systems can be stealth shuttles that make kamikaze attacks against ground targets. There is suspicion that. The Chinese Shenlong miniature space shuttle can be a prototype for this kind of weapon. 

If. An orbiting satellite carries a nuclear weapon. It requires very fast reactions. The same way. If. The hunter-killer satellite starts to follow a friendly satellite. That requires fast counteractions. The problem with killer satellites is simple. Any satellite can act as this type of weapon. Especially microsatellites can be tools. They can destroy other satellites with kinetic energy. The miniature satellite can collide with other satellites. 

Or they can involve high-power EMP systems. One version of those tools is a micro nuke that detonates in an air tank. A 20-ton nuclear detonator can form a so-called controlled EMP pulse. Or they can involve high-power capacitors. That pushes lots of energy. To microwave- or radio-wave-based systems. Those satellites can wait in orbit. 

Things like miniature shuttles that can wait in orbit to attack require counter-actions. Those shuttles can carry internal nuclear warheads. This makes them so-called super drones. Satellites can also drop drone swarms into operational areas. Those systems are dangerous to troops and civilians. This means that drone swarms that satellites can deliver can hunt individual people on the streets. That makes those tools excellent assassination tools. And those systems require fast reactions. 

https://www.space.com/china-space-plane-depoyed-mystery-objects

https://www.twz.com/space/new-details-on-how-space-force-has-waged-electronic-warfare-against-iran

https://www.twz.com/space/u-s-admits-it-has-weapons-in-orbit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Crockett_(nuclear_device)